《千金要方》备急本与新雕本方剂文献异同考
博士生:曾凤
北京中医药大学
博士研究生学位论文
题 目:《千金要方》备急本与新雕本方剂文献异同考
专 业:中医医史文献
研究方向:中医文献研究
博 士 生:曾凤
导 师:张其成 教授
二○○六年六月
目录
中文摘要
abstract
第一部分:《千金要方》备急本与新雕本版本源流考
1. 备急本版本源流考
1.1. 江户医学馆与备急本
1.2. 北宋校正医书局与备急本
1.3. 小结
2. 新雕本版本源流考
2.1. 新雕本收藏经过
2.2. 新雕本刊刻年代考
2.3. 新雕本刻者考
2.4. 以外证考证新雕本与《千金要方》原著之关系
2.5. 小结
第二部分 备急本与新雕本篇章结构异同考
1. 卷次异同考
2. 篇次篇题异同考
3. 方剂卷次及篇次异同考
4. 小结
4.1. 备急本调整了篇章结构
4.2. 备急本调整了方剂的卷次或篇次
第三部分《千金要方》备急本与新雕本内容异同考
1. 方论顺序异同考
2. 方剂顺序异同考
3. 方剂名称异同考
4. 方剂主治异同考
4.1. 主治叙述方式异同考
4.2. 主治内容异同考
4.3. 小结
5. 方剂药味异同考
5.1. 药味顺序异同考
5.2. 备急本增补药味考
5.3. 备急本删减药味考
5.4. 备急本改换药味考
5.5. 小结
6. 两本方剂用法异同考
6.1. 方剂制剂异同考
6.2. 服药量及服法异同考
6.3. 用药禁忌异同考
6.4. 小结
7. 备急本增补大量方剂文献
7.1. 备急本增补不同数量的方剂
7.2. 备急本增补其他内容
7.3. 小结
8. 备急本删除的方剂文献
8.1. 备急本删除少量医论
8.2. 备急本删除少量方剂
8.3. 备急本删除其他内容
8.4. 备急本删除服药时间及服法
8.5. 备急本删除明显的衍字
9. 总结
第四部分《千金要方》备急本与新雕本药秤异同考
1. 新雕本药秤考证
1.1. 唐代通行药秤考证
1.2. 新雕本药秤考证
1.3. 小结
3. 小结
第五部分《千金要方》备急本与新雕本药秤单位异同考
1. 两本药秤单位相同
2. 两本药秤单位不同
3. 小结
第六部分 《千金要方》备急本与新雕本药量异同考
第七部分 总结与讨论
1. 总结
2. 讨论
3. 结论与意义
4. 创新性
参考文献
致谢
简历
中文摘要
《千金要方》30卷为传统医学史上最早的医学百科全书,唐·孙思邈著,成于公元652年。该书现存两种重要传本,一是北宋校正医书局于北宋治平三年(1066年)校定刊行的《备急千金要方》30卷(以下简称“备急本”),此为目前所用通行本。由该版本前、后序及凡例可知,宋人校定《千金要方》时,对其体例与内容进行了较大幅度的调整改动。长期以来,由于备急本的广泛流传与深远影响,使得后世对孙思邈的学术研究均是以备急本为蓝本进行的。《新雕孙真人千金方》存20卷(卷1—5、卷11—15、卷21—30。以下简称“新雕本”),为《千金要方》另一重要传本。该版本发现于清嘉庆四年(1799年),后流入日本,十九世纪八十年代传回国内。本选题首先分析了备急本之版本特点,继而考证了新雕本之刊刻年代及其刻者,并以《太平圣惠方》、《外台秘要方》之引文、《真本千金方》及《医心方》为外证材料,证实了新雕本未经后人改动、较为完整地保存了原著原貌的版本特点。在充分展现孙思邈《千金要方》本来面目的基础上,本选题全面系统地考证了备急本与新雕本方剂文献之异同,在揭示孙氏学术思想之真的同时,查明了宋人改动《千金要方》的具体做法与具体内容。通过此项工作,一方面总结孙思邈医学理论的特点,另一方面深入探求北宋校正医书局修改《千金要方》的中医理论依据,为重新评价其在中国医学史上的地位提供可靠的资料,也为现今的中医古籍整理工作提供一定的借鉴。与此同时,以两版本方剂文献之差异为基本材料,总结归纳唐初孙思邈成书与宋人改书各自不同的中医理论特点,梳理唐宋历史转折时期中医理论的发展脉络,为考察唐宋之交医学思想的转变提供一定的参考。一、本选题主要研究内容包括: 1备急本版本源流考证。 2新雕本版本源流、刊刻年代、刻者及其与《千金要方》原著之关系考证。 3备急本与新雕本篇章结构异同考。 4备急本与新雕本内容(包括方论顺序、方剂顺序、方剂名称、方剂主治、方剂药味、方剂用法)异同考。 5备急本与新雕本药秤及药秤单位异同考。 6备急本与新雕本方剂药量异同考。 7结论与讨论 在以上全面考证了两版本方剂文献异同的基础上: (1)总结了备急本与新雕本版本之差异。 (2)探讨了孙思邈成书与宋代改书医学指导思想之差异。 (3)探讨了备急本与新雕本组方模式之差异。 二、主要研究方法(1)以文字考证的方法,以避讳字考证新雕本之刊刻年代;以通假字、古字、异体字、俗体字、讹误字等考证新雕本之刻者。(2)以外证资料比照的方法,考证新雕本与《千金要方》原著之关系。(3)以穷尽性的对比方法,逐字对比备急本与新雕本内容之差异,查明宋人对《千金要方》所作调整、删削、增补及改动的具体内容。(4)在以上基本材料完整的基础上,归纳两版本不同的成书特点,探求其不同的医学指导思想。(5)从医学史的角度出发,结合唐初、宋初不同时代的学术背景,总结两版本不同的医学理论特点。 三、结论 1根据新雕本之避讳字,考证出其避讳字集中在宋太祖至宋仁宗之间,即960—1064年之间,由此推断该版本成于1064年之前。根据新雕本之通假字、古字、异体字、俗体字、讹误字及其行文用字的其他特点,判断该本为民间坊刻本。 2以《太平圣惠方》、《外台秘要方》之引文、《真本千金方》及《医心方》为旁证材料,考证出新雕本较为接近《千金要方》之原貌。在《千金要方》版本体系中、乃至在中国医学史上,新雕本都具有极为重要的地位。 3根据新雕本与备急本卷次、篇次之差异,推论出两版本对疾病的认识不尽相同,包括病种的不同、病因认识不同、治法不同、成书结构的合理性不同等等。 4根据新雕本与备急本同一方剂卷次、篇次之差异,推论出两版本对方药作用的认识不尽相同,推断出备急本主要是根据临床实际使用、根据病名、根据同类归并原则调整了原书方剂的位置。 5根据新雕本与备急本方论顺序及方剂顺序之差异,推论出备急本全面调整了《千金要方》条文顺序、方剂顺序,表现出宋人重视医论、强调医论对方剂的引领作用及重视复方、大方的用药特点。 6根据新雕本与备急本方剂主治之差异,推论出宋人以“症”入手、重视病机,特别强调治方使用的病机征候特点。 7根据新雕本与备急本方剂药味之差异,推论出宋人突出君药的地位,重视复方组方理论。 8根据新雕本与备急本方剂药量之差异,推论出宋人增减药量之目的在于针对方剂的主治症增强药效。总而言之,新雕本与备急本方剂文献之不同,主要缘于孙思邈成书与宋代修书的中医理论特点之差异。孙氏著《千金要方》以脉为纲、脉证并治,反映了唐初医学体系的特点;宋人修书以机统病、以法统方,反映了宋初医学理论的特点。 四、本课题创新点:(1)首次依据新雕本之行文用字,考证了其刊刻年代、刻者及其与《千金要方》原著之关系。(2)首次考证了《千金要方》之药用衡制及药用单位,纠正了前人对此之误解,填补了此项研究的空白。(3)在复现《千金要方》原始面貌的基础上,首次展示孙思邈学术思想之真,探求孙思邈著《千金要方》成书之核心。(4)围绕《千金要方》两种传本方剂文献之差异,总结孙思邈成书之医学理论特点,探求北宋校正医书局改书之医学理论依据。以此为切入点,推求北宋校正医书局整理古医籍的原则、方法与依据,为重新评价其在中国医学史上的地位提供了可靠的依据,为现今的中医古籍整理工作提供了借鉴。(5)以备急本与新雕本两版本方剂文献之差异为依据,结合其不同的中医学术背景,为理清唐宋历史转型时期的中医理论发展脉络提供了一定参考。
Abstract
There are two important editions of 《Qian Jin Yao Fang》 ascended down.. One of which named Valuable Prescription for Emergencies (shortened from “Bei Ji Ben”)is proofreaded and published by the Bureau of Revising medical books of The North Song in the Third year of Zhi Ping dynasty(in 1066), which is prevalent used now. Because Valuable Prescription for Emergencies is very useful and came down aboard, all offspring studied this book when studying the science idea of Sun Si Miao. The other edition which is ascended down is 《newly carved Sun saint Qian Jin Fang》(shortened from “Newly Carved Edition”, have 20 tomes),which is found in the Forth year of Jia Qing dynasty(in 1799). This edition prevailed in Japan ever, and came back China in 80 years 19 century. Studying the man who carved newly carved Sun saint Qian Jin Fang and the time when the book is carved is the keystone of the disquisition. And this thesis approve that Newly Carved Edition keep the primary pattern of the primary bookmaking, no rejigger, by consulting 《Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang》、《Wai Tai Mi Yao》、《Zhen Ben Qian Jin Fang》、《Yi Xin Fang》and so on. On the ground of showing the primary visage of the book, this thesis study two aspects chiefly: studying the difference of medicament between newly carved Sun saint Qian Jin Fang and Valuable Prescription for Emergencies all-sided and systematically; lookuping the detailed contents which is modified by the people in the Song dynasty. By this work ,we can sum up the medical science thought characteristic of Sun Si Miao, besides, we can sum up the principle、means and bases ,which the Bureau of Revising medical books of The North Song must abide when they proofreading books, it is very useful as bases when we re-evaluate the importance of it in the history of TCM and it is a good reference for the coordinating work of TCM ancient books. And, we can sum up the difference of medical theory between the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty, though study the difference of science background and medicament between “Bei Ji Ben” and “Newly Carved Edition”. The major contents of this study involves: Studying the origin and the process of spreading of “Bei Ji Ben” Studying the origin and the process of spreading of “Newly Carved Edition”, the time of carved , the man who caved and the relationship with the primary booking. Studying the difference of tomes between “Bei Ji Ben” and “Newly Carved Edition”. Studying the difference of medicament between “Bei Ji Ben” and “Newly Carved Edition” . Studying the difference of medical steelyard and medical steelyard units between “Bei Ji Ben” and “Newly Carved Edition”. Studying the difference of medical dosage between “Bei Ji Ben”and “Newly Carved Edition” . Discussion: suming up the different characteristics of the forming process of the two books, and discuss the science thought which forming all those differences; summing up the differences of medicament between the two books, for probing into the different medical thought background. The major studying methods Thought the methods of studying character, studying the time and the man “Newly Carved Edition” is carved . Thought the methods of antitheses, studying the relationship between “Newly Carved Edition” and the primary bookmaking. Thought word-for-word comparison, finding out the modifies the Song dynasty people have ever done: involving changing locality, the adding part, the deleting part and so on. Based on all above materials, concluding the different characteristic of two books, for probing for the different polester. The innovation of this research It is the first time that studying the characteristic of character of the “Newly Carved Edition”, for researching the time and the man the book is carved, and the relationship with the primary bookmaking. It is the first time that studying the medical scale system of 《Qian Jin Yao Fang》,which correcting the primary errors, and padded the scarcity in this aspects. It is the first time that showing the actual thought of Sun Si Miao, which is based on the re-production the primary pattern of the book. And researching the core of the book thought the study. In the ground of the different medicament of the two edition, probing into the core of the book, and ratiocinating the principle、means and bases ,which the Bureau of Revising medical books of The North Song must abide when they proofreading books. All this is very useful as bases when we re-evaluate the importance of it in the history of TCM and it is a good reference for the coordinating work of TCM ancient books. Thought analyzing the difference of the contents between the two editions, studying the different medical science background, which is a good reference for the research about the mutation from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty.
中文关键词:《千金要方》 方剂文献 异同 比较
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