《黄帝内经》三阴三阳范畴的研究

硕士生：李 瑞

北京中医药大学
硕士研究生学位论文

题 目：《黄帝内经》三阴三阳范畴的研究
专 业：中医医史文献
研究方向：中医范畴学研究
硕 士 生：李 瑞
导 师：张其成 教授

二○○六年六月
目 录
中文摘要
Abstract
前 言
第一部分《黄帝内经》有关问题简考
1．《黄帝内经》书名
2．历代《黄帝内经》与今本《黄帝内经》的关系
3．《黄帝内经》的成书年代
第二部分 三阴三阳的来源
1．《周易》的六子卦（家庭卦）
1．1 医易是否同源？
1．1．1 中医与《周易》没有关系
1．1．2 中医与《周易》有密切的关系
1．1．2．1 从实践行为层面考察
1．1．2．2 从文字载体层面考察
1．1．2．3 从理论思维层面考察
2．天文学
2．1 三阴三阳与古代天文学说
2．1．1 盖天说
2．1．2 浑天说
2．1．3 宣夜说
2．2 天文学的重要地位
2．2．1 《史记》当中的天文学影响
2．2．2 天文学与皇权的关系
2．2．3 《汉书·艺文志·数术略》
2．2．4 《汉书·艺文志·方技略》
2．2．5 天文学与皇权关系的结论
3．阴阳五行学说的结合
3．1 张其成对阴阳五行的结合的理解
3．2 山田庆儿对阴阳五行结合的理解
3．3 Sivin 对阴阳五行结合的理解
3. 4 廖育群对阴阳五行结合的理解
第三部分 三阴三阳的医学涵义——以经脉与运气为例
1．经脉
1．1 马王堆出土的《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》对经脉的认识
1．1．1 《阴阳十一脉灸经》
1．1．2 《足臂十一脉灸经》
1．2 《灵枢·经脉》与《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》的关系
1．3 经脉数
1．4 经脉命名
1．4．1 阳明
1．4．2 厥阴
1．5 经脉循环
2．运气学说
2．1 系统化的五运六气学说
2．2 运气学说不同的推算方法
2．3 运气学说的历史背景
2．4 运气学说在医学领域当中的作用
第四个部分 讨论
1．三阴三阳是什么？
2．为什么不用二阴二阳而用三阴三阳？
2．1 思维模式的二分法与三分法
2．1．1 山田庆儿对二分法与三分法的解释
2．1．2 张其成对二分法与三分法的解释
2．2 阴阳的二分法与三分法
3．为什么三阴三阳有多样性？
4．我们应该怎么看待三阴三阳多样性的解释？
致 谢
个人简历

中文文摘：
阴阳是中国古代哲学的一个很重要的范畴, 而三阴三阳是中医理论的一个很重要的范畴。《黄帝内经》中有丰富的三阴三阳的论述，并且三阴三阳所指的对象不同，排列方式也不同。本论文主要选择两个医学三阴三阳的对象（经脉与运气）来谈关于三阴三阳的一些关键问题：三阴三阳是什么？三阳指的是太阳还是阳明？为什么用三阴三阳而不用二阴二阳？三阴三阳的多样性的原因是什么？应该怎么理解三阴三阳的多样性？社会历史背景与历代学者的工作环境对天文学与医学有什么样的影响？天人感应思想与我们所选的医学三阴三阳的两个例子——经脉与运气有什么样的关系？应该怎么理解阴阳五行结合？经脉与运气这两例子与阴阳五行结合有什么关系？本论文汇集了中国、美国、日本、英国与法国有关学者对三阴三阳问题研究的观点。 本论文分为四个部分：第一部分对《黄帝内经》的书名、结构、历代《黄帝内经》与今本《黄帝内经》的关系、成书年代进行简考。第二部分从《周易》六子卦、天文学、思想史背景三个方面分析三阴三阳的来源。其中《周易》论述了六子卦与三阴三阳之间有密切关系，也提到学术界关于“易医是否相关”问题的论争。然后列出了不同的古代天文学学说与三阴三阳的关系，以及天文学与皇权的密切关系。最后从思想史的角度来考察阴阳五行的结合。第三部分研究医学三阴三阳的两个例子——经脉与运气。经脉的研究当中先讲了经脉学说的发展，论述了两个《十一脉灸经》与《灵枢?经脉》篇对经脉系统的认识，也提出学术界对经脉发展与这发展当中的著作的次序有不同的观点。然后探讨经脉方面的一些关键的问题：经脉数、经脉名、经脉循环。从而了解天人感应的思想在经脉学说当中占一个非常重要的位置。运气的研究当中先列出了系统化的运气学说，然后论述了运气学说不同的推算方法。最后讲了运气学说的历史背景，与运气学说在医学领域当中的作用。了解了天人感应思想在运气学说中的重要性。 第四部分讨论“三阴三阳是什么？” “为什么不用二阴二阳而用三阴三阳？” “为什么三阴三阳有多样性？”与 “我们应该怎么看三阴三阳多样性的解释？”这些问题。关于三阴三阳的意义、多样性等问题并没有一个答案，而答案是多层次的，只要从思维模型角度、社会历史背景等角度来探讨这问题，才可以得出一种全面的认识。

外文文摘：
Yinyang is a very important concept in ancient Chinese philosophy, and the tripartition of yinyang is a central concept in the theory of Chinese medicine. The tripartition of yinyang is frequently encountered in the Huangdi Neijing. The tripartition of yinyang is not only used to refer to different phenomenon, but the order in which the tripartition of yinyang is elucidated also varies. In this thesis, meridian theory and theory of circulatory phases were chosen as two examples of the tripartition of yinyang in Chinese medicine, and the following questions with regard to the tripartition of yinyang were explored using these two examples: What is the tripartition of yinyang? Is the ‘third yang’ used to refer to ‘greater yang’ or ‘yang brightness’? Why is the tripartition of yinyang used instead of the bipartition of yinyang? What are the reasons behind the plurality of the tripartition of yinyang? How should we understand this plurality which is reflected in the various orders, and the different phenomenon it is used to refer to? How did factors of socio-historical background and the scholars’ academic and institutional environment affect studies in astronomy and medicine? How is the relationship between cosmos and man reflected in the meridian theory and theory of circulatory phases? How should we understand the synthesis of yinyang and theory of five phases? What is the relationship between the two examples chosen (meridian theory, theory of circulatory phases) and the synthesis of yinyang and the theory of five phases? To address these questions, the different approaches and methods used by Chinese, American, Japanese, English, and French scholars that are useful for reaching an understanding of tripartition of yinyang have been examined in this study. Below is a description of how this question was pursued in each section of this thesis: The first chapter is a brief outline of main points regarding Huangdi Neijing. The following questions are explored in this section: the title of the text, the structure of the text, the relationship between the historical Huangdi Neijing text and the current version of the text, and its year of compilation . The second chapter investigates three different views on the origin of the tripartition of yinyang: the triagrams of six children in the Zhouyi (Book of Changes), astronomy, and synthesis of yinyang and theory of five phases. The section on Zhouyi not only describes the relationship between the triagrams of the six children and the tripartition of yinyang, but also puts forward the differing views on the relationship between Zhouyi and Chinese medicine. In the section on astronomy, after discussing the different astronomical theories and their relationship with the tripartition of yinyang, the special position of astronomy due to its close relationship with authority is examined. In the next section, the synthesis of yinyang theory and the theory of five phases is presented. The third chapter is focused on two examples of tripartition of yinyang in Chinese medicine: meridian theory and theory of circulatory phases. In the section on the first example, meridian theory, the development of meridian theory is examined, and the two “Shiyi mai jiujing ” and “Lingshu jing mai pian ”’s understanding of meridian theory is elucidated. Then, scholars’ views on the development of meridian theory, and the differing views on the order of treatises in this progress are explored. Next, some significant issues related to meridian theory such as number of meridians, name of meridians, and the circulation of meridians are addressed, thereby showing how the relationship between the cosmos and the body is reflected onto meridian theory. In the section on the second example, circulatory phases, first the systematized view of the theory of circulatory phases is presented, and then a view based on the understanding of separate methods of calculation in the theory of circulatory phases is examined. Next, the historical background of the theory of circulatory phases and its place within Chinese medicine is discussed, thereby showing how the relationship between cosmos and man is reflected on to the theory of circulatory phases. The fourth chapter addresses the following questions: What is the tripartition of yinyang? Why is a tripartition of yinyang used rather than a bipartition of yinyang? Why does the tripartition of yinyang have plurality? How should we approach or understand the explanations of this plurality? Finally, it is put forth that the questions related to the meaning, significance, plurality of the tripartition of yinyang do not have a singular answer, but that they have many answers on different levels. And only by using different methods of inquiry such as investigating the question from a theoretical standpoint as well as from socio-historical context, can an understanding be reached.

中文关键词 ：黄帝内经 经脉 三阴三阳 运气