《黄帝内经》年代学研究
博士生:孙非
导师:张其成
专业:中医医史文献
研究方向:中医文献考据
二○○七年五月
主题词:黄帝内经;成书年代;哲学思想;天文历法;文字音韵;避讳;方法论
研究目的:
通过对《内经》成书的问题进行全面系统的研究,梳理出《内经》成篇以及汇编的大致时代。文章重点讨论《内经》核心篇章的创作时代。
研究方法:
本文的研究采用多学科综合论证的方法,包括文献学、哲学、天文学、历法学、考古学、音韵学、文字学、以及避讳学的方法,从多层次、多角度、多学科地考察《内经》的成书时代。力图做到历史文献与出土文物互参,史料与史观并重。
研究内容:
第一部分是综述,回顾了《内经》成书年代问题上有代表性的的六种观点,即黄帝遗书说,战国成书说,战国至秦汉成书说,西汉成书说,东汉成书说,以及亡书说。
第二部分是正文,重点讨论当今主流的《内经》西汉中晚期成书说,从哲学思想、医学发展、天文历法、文字音韵、称谓、避讳等方面提出全面系统的反证。并从《内经》阴阳五行思想的时代特征、子正学派、古朴的置闰法、古老的物候指时、节气名称、避讳、以及字体的演变等方面讨论《内经》核心篇章成于先秦的可能性。
在哲学思想方面,本文将《内经》与《黄帝四经》、《淮南子》、《春秋繁露》进行对照,比较其元气、阴阳、和五行思想。结果是,第一,《春秋繁露》的“元气”概念不见于《内经》。第二,《黄帝四经》和《春秋繁露》的阳尊阴卑思想不同于《内经》的阴平阳秘思想。第三,《黄帝四经》和《春秋繁露》刑德对举的论述完全不见于《内经》。第四,《淮南子》和《春秋繁露》的五行相生的理论概括完全不见于《内经》。因此,《黄帝四经》、《淮南子》、《春秋繁露》这三部在西汉中早期极有影响的哲学著作没有影响《内经》的阴阳五行思想。《内经》主要篇章并非成于西汉而是西汉之前。
在医学发展方面,首先,本文将《内经》涉及经脉理论的篇章与马王堆出土的《足臂》与《阴阳》进行了比较。由于《灵枢·经脉篇》只论五行相胜而缺乏五行相生的理论概括,故其成文时代早于《淮南子》。《本输》、《邪客》等篇的经脉理论远比《经脉篇》原始,而更接近于战国时代成书的《足臂》与《阴阳》两书。因此,《内经》中涉及经脉理论的这些早期篇章很可能成文于战国时期。其次,本文复将《内经》与《扁鹊仓公列传》进行了比较。发现扁鹊时期阴阳理论已经熟练地运用于临床,六腑理论已经形成并指导临床。仓公的脉诊水平与《内经》大体相当。因此,《内经》成于仓公之后的说法似难成立。
在天文方面,第一,《内经》的天体理论通篇没有采用汉代主流的浑天说,而是采用了盖天说和宣夜说,说明《内经》不似两汉的作品。第二,二十八宿名称于公元前五世纪已经完备,因此,《内经》相关篇章成篇上限不是《淮南子》时期而是战国早期。第三,根据岁差密率推算,“房昴为纬,虛张为经” 是公元前2600到前1900年左右的天象;“九星悬朗”是公元前4300年到前2000年左右的天象;因此,不能排除《内经》的某些天象资料和某些章句由黄帝那个时代经三代口耳相传而来的可能性。第四,《素问·气交变大论》关于五星运行的描述与战国中早期成书的《五星占》大体相当,其成文上限与《五星占》相仿。
在历法方面,第一,本文列举大量历史文献与出土文物的权威资料,彻底否定了“寅正”对于《内经》成书的断代价值。第二,本文发现《六节藏象论》使用子正历法的关键证据,并合理推论《金匮真言》、《九针十二原》等三篇同属《内经》的“子正学派”。这三篇经文很可能写于先秦子正历法流行的时期。本文还指出《内经》中不同篇章对于春秋、肝肺的阴阳属性的分歧源于子正历法与寅正历法四季划分的差异。第三,《内经》的时称观念更接近于先秦。第四,从史证、历证、和诗证三个方面论证了干支纪年始于先秦,从而否定了“七篇大论”成于东汉的说法。第五,从《内经》的节气名称远比《礼记·月令》简单古朴论述了《内经》涉及节气的相关篇章很可能成于先秦。第六,发现《六节藏象论》的古置闰法,并指出该篇经文可能写于“推余于终”的古置闰法流行的先秦时期。
在冶金技术方面,本文列举《国语》、《管子》、《六韬》、以及《睡虎地秦墓竹简》说明铁器在先秦已经普遍使用。因此,先秦时期使用铁制针具在冶金技术上没有问题。
在语言文字方面,第一,本文将《内经》中风、明、行的入韵情况与先秦主要著作进行了比较,没有发现明显差别。所以,用《内经》的音韵近于汉韵来论断其成书于汉代的方法和结论似乎尚待进一步研究完善。第二,对《内经》中豆、涕、渐、侯王、中正、州都、黔首、宦者等字词的意义出现在秦汉之后的观点提出了全面系统的反证。
在字体方面,《内经》中有17处可能因篆字形似而造成的错抄。这说明《内经》古本有古文或篆文的抄本。因而,相关篇章可能成于先秦。
在避讳方面,本文系统地总结了《内经》中疑似回改不尽或回改不一的秦汉主要帝王的避讳字。从而否定了《内经》主体成于西汉中晚期以及“七篇大论”成于东汉的说法。
第三部分,探讨并反思医学史研究的方法论,如:类同举例法、默证法。提出了类同举例法的全面原则和对称原则,以及史料运用的推前原则和推后原则。最后,归纳研究结果。
创新发现:
- 本文首次发现《内经》中有三篇核心篇章属于“子正学派”,并提出“子正学派”的相关篇章应该成于先秦。同时发现《内经》中不同篇章对于春秋、肝肺的阴阳属性的分歧源于子正历法与寅正历法四季划分的差异。
- 本文首次发现《内经》的古置闰法,并独创了从置闰法的角度推论《内经》相关篇章的成文时代的方法。
- 本文首次提出从节气推论《内经》相关篇章成于先秦;首次发现《内经》有古老的物候指时的论述;并独创了从时节观念演进的角度探讨《内经》相关篇章成于先秦的方法。
- 本文首次全面的阐述了寅正的问题对于《内经》的成书没有断代价值。
- 本文首次全面的阐述了干支纪年不能作为《内经》七篇大论的成书于东汉的断代依据。
- 本文首次发现了《内经》中有“启”字的避讳回改不尽和回改不一的痕迹。
- 本文首次对从“风”、“明”、“行”的入韵推论《内经》成于汉代的观点和方法提出了大量系统的反证,包括发现《内经》中“风”字有15处与侵部字押韵。
8.本文首次论证了《内经》的阴阳思想没有受《黄帝四经》的影响。
9.本文首次探讨并反思了医学史研究的方法论,如:类同举例法、默证法,首次提出了类
同举例法的全面原则和对称原则,以及史料运用的推前原则和推后原则。
10.首次从字体演变的角度探讨《内经》相关篇章成于先秦的可能性。
研究结论:
《黄帝内经》非一人、一时、一地、一派之作,它是春秋秦汉时期优秀医学著作的汇编。它的某些资料、思想、章句可能产生于岐黄时期,经三代口传至春秋战国时代。其主要篇章或完成或初创于春秋战国时期。《内经》似乎经历过两次主要编订,第一次在公元前一世纪,这次编辑的《黄帝内经》可能只有十八篇左右。第二次是在东汉时期,这次编辑把原来的《黄帝内经》、《黄帝外经》、《白氏内经》、《白氏外经》、《扁鹊内经》、《扁鹊外经》的部分篇章改编成《素问》和《九卷》两部书。
ABSTRACT
Purpose of the Study
This essay is a chronological study of Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic. The goal is to find the approximate time of composition for each article and the rough time of compilation of the entire book.
Methods of the Study
Adopting multi-disciplinary methods, including the method of bibliography, philosophy, astronomy, calendar-logy, archeology, phonology, and philology, as well as by referencing the tabooed usage of the emperors’ name, the study attempts to investigate into the time of the writing and the compilation of the book from multiple aspects and angels.
Main Content of the Study
The essay is composed of three parts. The first part is a comprehensive review of the representative viewpoints, methods, and data from both ancient and contemporary scholars regarding the chronological study of the Inner Classic. The second part focuses on the mainstream viewpoint that regards the Inner Classic as being written and compiled during the mid-to-late Western Han Dynasty. In this part, I raised systematically counter-evidences to that mainstream view point from the perspective of phonology, the name of solar terms, the taboo on using the word of emperors’ name, historical change of the form of ancient Chinese characters. I also discuss the possibility of dating the Inner Classic to the pre-Qin period based on the periodic characteristics of yin/yang and five element theories, Zizheng school, simple and unsophisticated method of scheduling the leap month, age-old way of realization of seasonal term, solar terms, the tabooed usage of the emperors’ name, and the historical change of the form of ancient Chinese characters.
The third part explores and reflects on the methodologies in researching the Chinese medical history such as analogy, argument from silence, ante-judgment and post-judgment of the time of the research object based on the historical materials. Finally, a conclusion of the study is drawn at the end.
New Findings of the Study:
- The essay is the first to find that three core articles in the Inner Classic belong to the Zizheng School. The essay is the first to suggest that those articles which belong to Zizheng School should be written in the pre-Qin period.
- The essay is the first to suggest that the different viewpoints on the yin/yang attributes of the spring and the autumn, liver and lungs, are a result of different division of the four seasons by Zizheng calendar and Yinzheng calendar.
- The essay is the first to suggest that there is a simple and unsophisticated method of??
scheduling the leap month in the Inner Classic, and propose a method that dates the time of the relevant articles of the book based on the way the leap month was scheduled.
- The essay is the first to propose to date certain articles of the Inner Classic to the pre-Qin Dynasty from the name of the solar terms.
- The essay is the first to find that there are records regarding an age-old way of realization of seasonal term from phonology in the Inner Classic, and originally creates a method that infers the relevant article being written in the pre-Qin Dynasty from the perspective of development of the idea of seasonal terms.
- The essay is the first to thoroughly prove that Yinzheng, i.e., taking the month of Yin as first of the year, has no value for dating the time of the Inner Classic.
- The essay is the first to thoroughly expound that the way of numbering the years based on Gan Zhi (heavenly stems and earthly braches) has no value for dating the time of written and compilation of the Inner Classic.
- The essay is the first to find that there are marks of incomplete or inconsistent correction from the taboo on using the word “Qi” in the Inner Classic.
- The essay is the first to adduce a large amount of counter evidences against viewpoints and methods that infer the Inner Classic being written in the Han Dynasty from the phonology of the word “feng”,”ming”, and ”xing”.?
- The essay is the first to demonstrate that the Inner Classic was not influenced by the Yellow Emperor’s Four Classic.
- The essay is the first to discuss and rethinks the methodologies in the research of Chinese medical history, for instance, proving something by giving analogical example, argument from silent, ante-judgment and post-judgment of the time of the research object based on the historical materials.
- The essay is the first to probe into the possibility of some articles of the book being written in pre-Qin Dynasty from the historical change of the form of ancient Chinese characters.
Conclusion of the Study:
The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic is not a work by one person, or written at once,? from the same area, representing opinions from just one school, but a compilation of outstanding medical works during the era of Spring and Autumn as well as Warrior States through the Qin and Han Dynasties. Some data, idea, and sentences might originate from the time of Qi-Huang, and have been passed down to the period of Spring and Autumn as well as Warrior States through the three Dynasties. The main articles were either completed or roughly written in the period of Spring and Autumn as well as Warrior States. The Inner Classic seems to have experienced two major editing. The first edition, which might collect only eighteen articles, took place in the 1st century B.C. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the second edition collected some contents of Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic, Yellow Emperor’s Outer Classic, Bai’s Inner Classic, Bai’s Outer Classic, Bianque’s Inner Classic, Bianque’s Outer Classic, and compiled them into two books, i.e., Plain Questions and Miraculous Pivot.?
Key Words:
Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic, chronology, Philosophy, Astronomy, Calendar-Logy, Philology, Taboo on Using the Word of Emperors’ Name, Methodology
目录
目录...................................1
中文摘要.................................4
英文摘要.................................6
1 《黄帝内经》成书年代研究现状综述....................9
1.1 黄帝遗书说............................... 9
1.2 战国成书说................................ 11
1.3 战国至秦汉成书说...........................12
1.4 西汉成书说..............................17
1.4.1 汉武帝之前成书说?? .........................17
1.4.2 汉武帝之后成书说?? .........................19
1.5 东汉成书说..............................24
1.6 其它.................................26
2 《黄帝内经》汉代成书说的解构与新年代学的建构..............27
2.1 从《内经》哲学思想看《内经》的时代..................27
2.1.1 《内经》与《黄帝四经》思想的比较?? .................27
2.1.2 《内经》与《淮南子》思想的比较?? ..................30
2.1.3 《内经》与《春秋繁露》思想的比较?? .................33
2.1.3.1 《内经》与《春秋繁露》元气思想的比较 ...............33
2.1.3.2《内经》与《春秋繁露》五行思想的比较................33
2.1.3.3《内经》与《春秋繁露》阴阳思想的比较................35
2.1.3.4 《内经》与《春秋繁露》天人关系思想的比较?? ............36
2.2 从医学发展水平看《内经》的时代....................38
2.2.1 《内经》与马王堆医书的比较?? ....................38
2.2.2 《内经》与《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》的比较?? ..............39
2.3. 天文.................................43
2.3.1 天体理论?? .............................43
2.3.2 二十八宿?? .............................44
2.3.3 虚张为经,房昴为维 .........................47
2.3.4 九星悬朗 ..............................48
2.3.5 五星运行 ..............................49
2.3.6 日月行度 ..............................50
2.4 历法.................................52
2.4.1 建正 ................................52
2.4.2.1 寅正与《内经》的成书时代 .....................52
2.4.2.2 “四时五脏阴阳”理论中的子正学派与寅正学派 ............58
2.4.2 纪时 ................................61
2.4.3 干支纪年 ..............................62
2.4.4 节气名称 ..............................65
2.4.4.1 二十四节气系统 ..........................67
2.4.4.2 三十时节系统 ...........................74
2.4.4.3 从节气考察《内经》成书年代?? ...................76
2.4.5 置闰法?? ..............................78
2.5 冶金技术...............................81
2.6 从语言文字看《内经》的时代......................83
2.6.1 音韵?? ...............................83
2.6.1.1 明?? ...............................83
2.6.1.2 行 ................................86
2.6.1.3 风 ................................90
2.6.2 字义词义 ..............................97
2.6.2.1 豆 ................................97
2.6.2.2 涕 ................................97
2.4.2.3 渐 ................................98
2.6.3 爵号、官名等称谓 ..........................98
2.6.3.1 侯王 ...............................98
2.6.3.2 中正、州都 ............................99
2.6.3.3 黔首 ...............................99
2.6.3.4 宦者 ...............................100
2.6.3.5 百姓 ...............................101
2.6.4 字体 ................................102
2.7 从避讳看《内经》的写作年代......................104
2.5.1 正作真、端、定、或气,政作令、治、或气 ...............104
2.5.2 国字 ................................107
2.5.3 盈作扬、凭或盛 ............................108
2.5.4 恒作常 ................................108
2.5.5 启作发或鼓 ..............................108
2.5.6 弗作不 ....................................108
2.5.7 秀作茂 ................................109
3 讨论? ..................................110
3.1 《内经》年代学的方法论.........................110
3.1.1 默证法在《内经》年代学研究中的运用及反思 ...............110
3.1.2 类同举例法在《内经》年代学研究中的运用及反思 .............111
3.1.2.1 全面原则 ..............................112
3.1.2.2 对称原则 ..............................112
3.1.2.3 史料运用中的“推前原则”与“推后原则” ...............113
3.1.3 重新认识口传经典与医学传承的价值 ................. 113
3.2 《内经》年代学观点的讨论...................... 115
3.2.1 《内经》思想与部分资料的起源 ................... 115
3.2.2 《内经》部分重要篇章的初创时代 .................. 115
3.2.3 《内经》修订与成编的时代 ..................... 118
参考文献................................ 121
鸣谢........................................124
个人简介.................................. 125
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