目 录
中文摘要
英文摘要
绪论
第一章 章太炎医学思想渊源
1家风、师承、人格、社会经历
1.1家风
1.2师承
1.3人格
1.4社会经历
2治学思想
2.1语言文字学
2.2 史学
2.3经学
2.4诸子学
2.5文学
2.6佛学
2.7进化论
2.8社会学
小结
第二章 章太炎医学研究历程
1第一阶段（1899年～1920年）
1.1医学研究概况及背景
1.2主要医学观点
1.3治学思想演进
2第二阶段（1921年～1925年）
2.1医学研究概况及背景
2.2主要医学观点
2.3治学思想演进
3第三阶段（1926年～1935年）
3.1医学研究概况及背景
3.2主要医学观点
3.3治学思想演进
4一九三六年后发表以及未刊稿
4.1医学研究概况及背景
4.2主要医学观点
4.3重要治学思想
小结
第三章 章太炎中医学术思想研究（上）
1 章太炎中西医比较、融会研究
1.1比较中西优劣
1.2尝试中西融会
小结
2章太炎对中医的学术评价、理论反思和发展探索研究
2.1对中医学术的评价
2.2对中医理论的反思
2.3对中医学术发展的探索
小结
第四章 章太炎中医学术思想研究（下）
1章太炎《伤寒论》思想研究
1.1《伤寒论》整理和注家优劣研究
1.2伤寒温病研究
1.3六经研究
1.4经方研究
1.5《伤寒论》研究方法
1.6章太炎《伤寒论》学术研究的实效性、兼容性特色
小结
2章太炎时病治疗学思想研究
2.1治疗时病的药物研究
2.2时病的病因和治则
2.3统一时病病名之尝试
2.4时病治疗的研究思想
2.5几种重要时病的论治
小结
第五章 章太炎中医考据学思想研究
1章太炎中医考据学内容
1.1脉法考
1.2中医之精神情志与脑相关考
1.3药物异同考
1.4对中医微生菌名称考
1.5人物事状考
1.6 文献考证
1.7八段锦考
1.8字词考
1.9史略考
1.10方剂权量比例考
1.11病名考
2章太炎中医考据学方法
2.1审定文献，据证推理
2.2梳理脉络，澄清源流
2.3考定异同，比较善伪
2.4考证字词，诠释字义
2.5审核内容，明其舛错
2.6多维对照，正其名实
2.7聚类分析，求其近似
2.8数学演算，实际推断
小结
第六章 章太炎医学实践研究
1医案
2医话
2.1论骨蒸五劳六极
2.2论治猩红热
2.3论对口疽
2.4论肠伤寒下法
2.5论少阴寒证厥利、便脓血治法
2.6论热厥治用大柴胡汤、白虎汤
2.7论以下救下
小结
附录：章太炎论治精神、神经疾病经验验
结语
1章太炎医学思想的主要内容和特点
1.1章太炎医学思想的主要内容
1.2章太炎医学思想的特点
2.章太炎在近代中医史上的地位
2.1国医学问之大家
2.2国医革新之导师
2.3国医教育之先驱
3本论文的创新点
参考文献
致谢
个人简历
4
中文摘要
章太炎是近代中国著名的革命家、思想家和国学大师。他治学严谨，涉猎广泛，在经学、诸子学、文字学、音韵学、文学、史学、哲学、佛学、医学上都有很大的成就，是现代中国学术的先驱，他的许多学术思想对后世影响深远而广泛。章太炎的医学思想,与其政治、哲学思想相比较，仅仅是其余绪，但他支持中医学发展、重视中医学研究、倾心中医学教育，对中医发展起了不可估量的作用，在近代中医史上占有非常重要的地位。另一方面，综观近年来的文献，对章太炎医学思想的研究相对其它方面来说较为落后，他的医学思想"不仅没有得到发扬光大，反而日趋湮没"（《章太炎全集·卷八》前言），这与他对中医做出的巨大贡献是不成比例的。
基于此，本文对章太炎的医学思想从以下五个方面进行了整理、归纳、阐释，并评价其医学思想，以明确章太炎在近代中医史上的地位和对中医学的贡献。
第一章，分析章太炎的医学思想渊源。本章从两个方面进行考察：
一是考察家庭、师承、人格、社会经历对其医学思想形成的影响。章太炎受家庭的熏陶，先哲们的范例与教育，从小便对医学产生了兴趣，这是他从事医学研究的动力与源泉。俞樾、仲昂庭等几位老师的言传身教是影响他从医的直接因素。章太炎具有传统的不为良相，则为良医的价值取向，又具备特立独行、朴实率真的性格特征，他一生经历丰富，阅历广博，这是他独到医学思想产生的内在和外在基础。特别是他的一些医学经历，成为其医学思想形成的直接来源，使其医学研究具备了一定的实践特色。
二是通过综述章太炎总体的治学思想来分析其医学思想产生的根基。章太炎的治学思想是一个极其庞大的体系，无论是文字学、史学、佛学还是他的经学、子学、社会学等，他都能本着严谨科学的态度、多维关照的方法，不拘于旧法，以别具一格的视角，针对现实加以思考与研究，大胆地进行打破、比较、借鉴、重构，以弘扬国粹。这些给他的学术思想打上了章太炎式的独特烙印：重在推陈出新，促进发展；强调文化的功用与实践；倡导学术研究的精审与确实；采纳中西对比、多维关照的研究方法；注重独立之学术精神。同时也成为章太炎医学思想形成的根基和养分。
第二章，论述章太炎的医学经历。本章结合章太炎的医学论著与他的医事活动，将其医学研究经历大概分为三个阶段，并简要概述，以便能够更好地理解与阐释章太炎的医学思想。
第一阶段：1898年～1920年。此期为章太炎医学研究的奠基时期，章太炎提出了医学研究的指导思想，以及主要方向和方法。
第二阶段：1921年～1925年。章太炎脱离《内经》经脉学说，专门致力于阐述《伤寒论》，是通过《伤寒论》的研究，以指导和提高外感病的临床治疗。
第三阶段：1926年～1935年。此期，章太炎医学研究的重点由具体问题转向了对中医学发展、《伤寒论》研究方法的探讨上，他注重中医教育事业，注重培养中医人才，显示出他高瞻远瞩的中医教育思想。
此外，尚有1936年后发表以及未刊稿，从这些论述可以看出，章太炎对经方药物的剂量、剂型、煎煮法，西医微生菌进行了详细的考证，体现了他重视经方、肯定中医病因学说的思想。
第三章和第四章，研究章太炎中医学术思想。包括以下几个方面：
一是章太炎中西医比较、融会方法之研究。章太炎从当时的医学背景出发，对中西医优劣提出了比较客观的认识，他反对时人盲目崇信西医，坚持中医对疫病病因认识的正确性，从而奠定了他发展中医、以发扬中医热病治疗学为主要目的的医学研究方向。章太炎中西医融会思想，以纠错互证为目的、名实相通为方法、指导实践为原则，强调以西医新方法、新理论提高中医疗效、完善中医理论，他将考据方法融入其中，更为中西医融会增添了科学的含义。
二是章太炎对中医的学术评价、理论反思和发展探索之研究。章太炎对中医学术评价的依据有四，即学术的纯洁性、客观性、实用性、实证性，最终落脚在是否对临床议病、审证、处方具有实际指导价值。基于对仲景前后中医学术缺陷的深刻认识，他提出把《伤寒论》作为治学根本。章太炎认为中医理论谬误甚多，并通过五行的来源考证，对中医五行配属五脏学说进行了否定。他通过中西医汇通，指出十二经脉当去其手足之分，用于代表脏腑开阖枢。在反思中医理论的基础上，他对中医发展进行了深入探讨。他认为，中医学发展的关键在于疗效，通过提高疗效，才能使中医由自知走向自信、自立，从而为中医学发展提供良好的基础。
三是章太炎《伤寒论》思想研究。
章太炎肯定了王叔和编次、林亿校订《伤寒论》之功，对历代注家则取柯琴、尤怡，赞赏日本学者训诂详细、强调实效的作法，并认为《伤寒论》注释中类方、类法两种形式颇佳。由此可见，章太炎对《伤寒论》整理和注释之研究是相当全面的。
章太炎认为，《伤寒论》是广义的伤寒，已论及温病，是将寒温合论于一书。提出用《伤寒论》法治疗温病、湿温。对伤寒之六经，他认为经有三义：一是指六部，二是指期，即六至七日，三是指经界。他否定伤寒日传一经之说，认为《伤寒论》日数乃是验病之深浅。章太炎对六经病有很多独到的认识，如太阳病，他认为其表证涉及太阳、少阳、太阴、少阴四部所应、所合，里证涉及四部所属脏腑，非局限于手足太阳，并将太阳篇分为三章二病。章太炎认为，少阳病并非柴胡证，由太阳病转变之柴胡证，才属少阳病，并认为它属于西医的肠窒扶斯。此外，他还指出阳明病当分胃肠而非分经府，阳明经病命名有误；少阴病为心脏虚弱之候，属心不属肾；厥阴病中厥呕利乃属于误入，当另别列一篇，仅有提纲及冠以"厥阴病"者为其本病。章太炎对经方进行了大量的研究，其中以大青龙汤、麻杏甘石汤治温病，桃核承气汤、抵当汤、小柴胡汤的应用均发前人所未发。他还提出《伤寒论》研究要在明大意、得大体，即二步 二端法，并不主张死守仲景成法，认为病证有仲景未道者，则当取唐宋方剂。
四是章太炎时病治疗学思想研究。章太炎指出，时病发生的主导因素不是细菌，并揭示了病菌、人之抵抗力、自然环境之间关系，提出了驱除风寒等邪气，扶助人体正气的治疗原则。章太炎的时病治疗思想包括：辨析名实、比较异同、独尊《伤寒》、辗转征实、中西汇通等。以此为基础，他详细探讨了几种重要时病的论治方法，包括肺炎、肠窒扶斯、霍乱等，在中医界反响极大。章太炎深刻认识到统一病名的重要性，提出了统一病名的三步，包括中国古今病名对照、西医本名与译名对照、中西医相对择取其是，显示了他治学之严谨、慎思，考虑问题之周密、详尽。
第五章，探讨章太炎中医考据学思想。本章包括以下两个方面：
一是章太炎中医考据学内容。有脉法考；中医之精神情志与脑相关考；药物异同考；对中医微生菌名称考；人物事状考；文献考证，包括《伤寒论》版本考、《素问》《灵枢》考、《神农本草经》考、《中藏经》考、八段锦考；字词考，包括 、达、火齐；史略考；方剂权量比例考，包括古今权量换算、经方古今权量、经方水药比例；病名考。章太炎中医考据学的内容非常之广，可谓运用考据学研究中医全面、系统之第一人。
二是章太炎考据学方法的运用。主要包括以下几种：审定文献，据证推理；梳理脉络，澄清源流；考定异同，比较善伪；考证字词，诠释字义；审核内容，明其舛错；多维对照，正其名实；聚类分析，求其近似；数学演算，实际推断。由此可见，章太炎发展了清代考据学方法，纠正了清代考据学脱离实际的弊端，开拓了中医考据学领域，由此提供了中医自立自新的新方法。
第六章，总结章太炎的医学实践。本章总结了章太炎的医案六则、医论七则，由此可以看出，章太炎对医学实践、临床治疗方面是极为重视的。他的很多医案、医论散见于众多的医学论文中，但仍能由此管窥其貌。章太炎的医学实践大致可分为医疗、自疗、见闻、以及古代有效医案评析，他善于从这些宝贵的经验中吸取营养，经过思考提出新的理论和方法，从而给章太炎的医学研究赋予了很强的实践特色。
在结语中，本论文结合章太炎的中西医比较观、中西医融会观、中医发展观、中医学术观、中医临床观，讨论了章太炎医学思想的特点与他在近代中医史上的地位。
总之，章太炎在近代中医史上具有不可忽视的地位，他是尝试近代中医重构之第一人，他的医学研究更多地体现了反传统、谋革新的意识，其学术思想被近代中医界所普遍接受。章太炎的医学思想具有重构性、两重性、整体性的特点，因此，他所提出的一些观点，虽然有偏颇或牵强之处，但是，这些缺陷，是在中医革新中必然会遇到的，或是由整个时代所造成的，不能因此否定章太炎的总体医学思想。
章太炎独尊仲景，兼采唐宋，融汇中西，系统考据，从宏观上指导了中医学的发展和研究，对近代中医发展影响很大，因此，堪称近代国医学问之大家。
章太炎能从《伤寒论》这个中医学实践源头找到当下医学发展急需的动力，并在正视自身实效性特点和理论体系不足的前提下，寻找一个热病这个当时更适合中医发展的领域，而且在此基础上，提出中医体系重构之设想，因此，被尊为近代国医革新之导师。在晚年，章太炎着力培养后进，不仅为许多著名中医家作了大量的书序，还不断为中医学校做精彩演讲，启迪后进。而且，他还先后担任多家中医院校院长，直接投身到了中医教育中，特别是其渊博的学识和独到的见解影响了一大批近当代名医，因此，可谓国医教育之先驱。
主题词：医学思想 章太炎 中医学 中医考据 伤寒论
RESEARCH ON ZHANG TAIYAN'S MEDICAL THOUGHTS
ABSTRACT
Zhang Taiyan is a Chinese famous revolutionist, thinker and expert of studies of ancient Chinese civilization. He purses study strictly and browses widely, therefore made great achievements in the study of Confucian classics, philology, phonology, literature, historiography, philosophy, Buddhism and medical science. He is regarded as a pioneer of Chinese modern science. Being enthusiastic about traditional Chinese medicine Taiyan pays much attention to traditional Chinese medicine education and contributes a lot to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. But at present, the research into his medical ideology is relatively inadequate.
Thus, this essay is going to induce, explain and evaluate Zhang's medical thoughts from following five aspects in order to clarify his important position in modern history of traditional Chinese medicine and his contribution to traditional Chinese medicine.
In Chapter One, the sources of Zhang's medical thoughts are analyzed in two respects.
First, observe how his family, teachers, his character and social experiences influenced the formation of his medical thoughts. Nurtured by his family and educated by sages, Zhang took great interest in medicine as a child-this provides power and sources to his medical research YuYue and Zhong Angting's guidance is the immediate factor. He insists that "Be a wise chancellor or a good doctor" Zhang is not only independent in mind and action but honest an sincere. Rich experiences cay the foundation of his original medical thoughts. Some of his medical experiences add certain practical character to his medical investigation.
Second, analyze the basis of Zhang's medical ideology through summarizing his general learning thoughts. He always makes comparison and reconstruction wherever doing research into philology or historiography or any others in a strict manner. This makes his academic thoughts unique-that is weeding through the old to bring forth the new, focusing on the practice and function of culture., proposing the reliability of academic research, making comparison between China and the West and laying emphasis on independent study.
In Chapter Two, Zhang's medical experiences the discussed. His experiences can be divided generally into three stages, which are briefly introduced in the chapter as to help to the better understanding of his medical thoughts.
First stage is from 1899 to 1920-the foundation laying period, during which Zhang put forward the guide idea, direction and methods of medical research.
Second stage is from 1921 to 1925-when Zhang devoted himself to elaborating Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases as to guide the clinical treatment of fever disease.
Third stage is from 1926 to 1935-during this period of time, the focus of his study changed into the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the research method of Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases. He emphasis on education and training of traditional Chinese medicine talent, which shows his treat foresight in traditional Chinese medicine education.
Besides, the manuscript produced after the year 1936 reflected Zhang's detailed textual research into the prescription and bacterium in western medicine, which revealed his affirmation of the pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine.
In Chapter Three and Four, Zhang's medical thoughts are studied from following several aspects.
First, the study of Zhang's methods of making comparison and integration of traditional and western medicine. He opposes to worship the western medicine with blindness and insists the reliability of the pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine with the intention of correcting mistakes and proving mutually Zhang's thoughts of integrating traditional and western medicine helps to the improvement of traditional Chinese medicine.
Second, the study of academic evaluation, theoretical reflection and development exploration of traditional Chinese medicine done by Zhang Taiyan.Zhang suggests that there are four arguments for traditionalChinese medicine evaluation-academically purity objectivity practicality and authenticity. By textual research into the sources of the five elements, he negates the theory of matching the five elements with the five internal organs in traditional Chinese medicine. He points out that the key to the development of traditional Chinese medicine is curative effect. Unless it is enhanced can traditional Chinese medicine be self-confident and self-reliant.
Third, the study of Zhang Taiyan's thinking on Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases. Zhang regards as positive the success of Wang Shuhe's compose and Lin Yi's amendment to Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases, Ke Qin and You Yi's annotation and Japanese Scholar's style which research detailed and emphasizing on actual effete. Thus, it is safe to say Zhang's research into the collation and annotation of Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases is quite comprehensive.
Zhang thinks that the febrile disease is defined in a broad sense in Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases. The six channels mean six parts, six to seven days and the interface. For six channels disease, Zhang gets his unique understanding. For example, Taiyang disease can't be considered as Shaoyang disease before it transforms into Chaihu syndrome; the symptom of Shaoyin disease is the weakness of heart not of kidney. He also makes first application of Daqingloing Tang, MaxingGanshi Tang, Taohe Chengqi Tang, Didang Tang and Xiao Chaihu Tang. He opposes to obstinately cling to Zhongjing's theory, which means to adopt the prescriptions in Tang and Song dynasty whenever it is necessary.
Fourth, The study of Zhang's thinking on the treatment of seasonal disease. He regards the prescriptions as the usual way and the core of treatment when treating the seasonal disease, the name and content of a disease should be discriminated, the similarities and differences of diseases should be compared, Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases should be considered as the only reference, the diseases should be observed and confirmed with repetition and the traditional and western medicine should be integrated, Noticing the importance of unifying the names of diseases, Zhang puts forward three steps of unification-to compare the ancient names with modern ones in China, original western names with translated names and traditional names with western names.
In Chapter Five, Zhang's textual research of traditional Chinese medicine is investigated from these two aspects:
First, the contents of the textual research of traditional Chinese medicine include textual research of the pulse, spirit and brain, differences and similarities of medicines, names of micro bacterium in traditional Chinese medicine, patient's condition, documents, words meanings, the proportion of prescriptions and the names of diseases. Thus, Zhang is the first person applies textual research to traditional Chinese medicine comprehensively and systematically.
Second, the applied methods of textual research include consulting documents, inferring basing on arguments, clarifying sources, comparing differences and similarities, explaining words meanings, checking the contents and finding out the mistakes, making comparison and matching the name with the reality, analyzing in categories and performing mathematical calculations. In a word, Zhang Taiyan opens up the field of traditional Chinese medicine textual research which provides new ways for traditional Chinese medicine to be independent and creative.
In Chapter Six, Zhang's medical practice is investigated. He pays much attention to medical practice and clinical treatment. The practice includes medical treatment, self-treatment what he sees and hears and the assessment of affective medical cases in ancient times.
In the conclusion, combined with Zhang's views on the comparison of Chinese and west medicine, the integration of Chinese and west medicine, the development of traditional Chinese medicine, the traditional Chinese medicine science and the clinical traditional Chinese medicine. This essay discussed the characteristics of Zhang's medical thoughts and his important position in the modern history of traditional Chinese medicine.
In short, the position Zhang took can not be ignored in the modern history of traditional Chinese medicine. As the first person trying out the reconstruction of traditional Chinese medicine, his research reflects his opposition to the tradition and seeking innovation. Zhang's medical thoughts possess the quality of reconstruction, duality and extensiveness. His thoughts are accepted generally. Although, some of his points of view ate partial and farfetched to some extend. But these defects are inevitable in traditional Chinese medicine innovation, which are caused by the times. Anyhow, Zhang's medical thoughts can not be denied.
Zhang recommends Zhongjin's theory and incorporates the prescriptions of Tang and Song dynasty, integrates Chinese and west medicine and applies systematical textual criticism. Reconstructing the system of traditional Chinese medicine science and directing the research into traditional Chinese medicine in macro. Zhang has a great influence on the development of traditional Chinese medicine and he is no doubt a great master of traditional Chinese medicine. Zhang is addressed respectively as the leader of traditional Chinese medicine innovation as he tries to find the emergent energy in practice for traditional Chinese medicine development and explore a new field for traditional Chinese medicine facing up to its features and defects. At his old age, Zhang devotes himself to fostering the juniors by producing prefaces, making a lot of excellent speeches in college of traditional Chinese medicine. He has been appointed as the president of many traditional Chinese medicine institutes. Therefore, he is undoubtedly the pioneer of traditional Chinese medicine education.
Key word: Medical Thoughts; Zhang Taiyan; Traditional Chinese medicine; Chinese Medicine textual criticism; Shanghan Lun
